A transparent conductive oxide coating, abbreviated TCO, is a doped metal oxide thin film predominantly used in optoelectronic devices and photovoltaics (including inorganic and organic devices as well as dye-sensitized solar cells). Most TCOs are manufactured with polycrystalline or amorphous microstructures. They are generally in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), and doped zinc oxide and used for providing electrical conductivity in solar cells, while permitting light to pass through.