The range of permissible energy values which an electron in a solid material can have that allows the electron to dissociate from a particular atom and become a free charge carrier in the material.

The voltage levels  at which the charge controller disconnects the photovoltaic array from the battery or the load from the battery. Solar charge controller allows the user to set a cut-off voltage, so that the battery charging is stopped when…

Maximum Power Point Tracker is a technique that grid connected inverters, solar battery chargers, and similar devices use to get the maximum possible power from one or more photovoltaic devices.

The Multi-crystalline silicon is also called as Poly-crystalline silicon and Polysilicon. Multi-crystalline silicon is solid silicon composed of many crystallites/grains of varying size and orientation. It is of high purity grade and used extensively in manufacture of polycrystalline solar panels…

Nickel cadmium battery is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Nickel cadmium batteries are cheap and robust.

Nominal power is the nameplate capacity of photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as solar cells, panels and systems, and is determined by measuring the electrical current and voltage in a circuit, while varying the resistance under precisely defined conditions (STC Conditions).

A PV module will be typically rated at 25 °C under 1,000 watts per square meter. However, when operating in the field, they typically operate at higher temperatures and at somewhat lower insolation conditions. In order to determine the power…

N-type semiconductors have a larger electron concentration than hole concentration. The phrase ‘n-type’ comes from the negative charge of the electron. In N-type semiconductor, electrons are the majority carriers and holes are the minority carriers. A common dopant for n-type…

The open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the maximum voltage available from a solar cell, and this occurs at zero current(open circuit). The open-circuit voltage corresponds to the amount of forward bias on the solar cell due to the bias of the…

Orientation refers to the placement with respect to the cardinal directions, N, S, E, W. To get the most from position-fixed (or seasonally adjusted) solar photovoltaic panels, they need to be pointed in the direction that captures the most sun.